{"id":14579,"date":"2023-08-29T14:18:38","date_gmt":"2023-08-29T12:18:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/?page_id=14579"},"modified":"2024-02-06T17:09:51","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T16:09:51","slug":"judenverfolgung","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/en\/history\/judenverfolgung\/","title":{"rendered":"Persecution of Jews"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ce ce-twocol  pt-large  indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>PERSECUTION OF JEWS<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the early 20th century, before World War II, the Jewish population was largely integrated into Dutch society. So after the Wehrmacht invaded, in May 1940, German authorities insisted that they would not impose anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands.&nbsp;Soon that changed. Anti-Semitism was at the core of Nazi ideology, and the mass extermination of&nbsp;European Jews was one of Germany\u2019s main goals. Within a few months, Jews in the Netherlands were&nbsp;systematically excluded from the society to which they had belonged for generations. Their legal&nbsp;protections and rights were eliminated and replaced with arbitrary restrictions.<\/p>\n<p>The first Nazi actions foreshadowed a dark future. Militants of the Dutch Nazi Party (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) marched through the streets, attacked Jews, and vandalized Jewish businesses and synagogues. The hatred against Jews was translated into concrete policies, carried out step by step by the German occupiers and their Dutch collaborators from the autumn of 1940.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In September 1940, all Jews were required to register with the state.In October, they had to disclose and register their economic property and carry new official identity cards marked with a large black \u201cJ.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>On 4 November, another Nazi decree dismissed around 2,500 Jews from positions in the public service.&nbsp;Only a few Dutch citizens expressed sympathy for the affected individuals, and public protests were&nbsp;limited to schools and universities.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"ce ce-img-slider  pt-medium  indent-1   \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-slider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"media-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-1024x470.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-1024x470.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-768x353.jpg 768w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"470\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201024%20470%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large lazyload\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201024%20470%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-1024x470.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-768x353.jpg 768w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto.jpg 1080w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Persoonsbewijs_Foto-1024x470.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption>Curt Blochs\u2019 identity card<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Most Dutch Jews complied with the registration requirement, either out of fear of reprisals or because they saw no alternative. In February 1941, prominent Jews were ordered to establish a Jewish council (Judenrat) to ensure that Jews followed Nazi directives, as was the case in other countries occupied by Germany.<\/p>\n<p>In a speech at the Amsterdam Concertgebouw on 12 March 1941, Arthur Sey\u00df-Inquart announced that&nbsp;Jews would be completely excluded from Dutch social and economic life. He said: \u201cWe will beat the Jews&nbsp;wherever we meet them, and those who go with them will bear the consequences.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In September, the Chief of the German Police in the Netherlands, Hanns Rauter, declared that Dutch&nbsp;authorities were no longer responsible for the Jews. While there were some protests by Dutch officials&nbsp;against the segregation of the Jewish population, they did not lead to tangible consequences. The Dutch&nbsp;government in exile also did nothing to counter the anti-Jewish policies.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Arthur Sey\u00df-Inquart and Hanns Rauter appear in Curt Bloch\u2019s poems repeatedly since they are main figures responsible for his life-threatening situation. Bloch wrote the cynical <a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/en\/text\/seyss-inquart-is-jarig-22-7-44\/\">Seyss-Inquart has birthday<\/a> on the occasion of Sey\u00df-Inquart\u2019s 52nd birthday, 22 July 1944, and predicted that the Reichskommissar would enjoy no more birthdays. For Rauter, the Nazi police commander, Bloch wrote an obituary (<a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/en\/text\/in-memoriam-rauter-%e2%80%a0\/\">In memoriam Rauter \u2020<\/a>) and celebrated a rumour that Rauter was assassinated in March 1945. Rauter was seriously wounded in the attack, but he survived.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>During 1941, Dutch Jews lost their legal status as citizens. They were subjected to a new set of binding&nbsp;regulations that applied only to them. After a raid in June 1941 in Amsterdam, during which more than&nbsp;300 Jewish men were deported and murdered in Mauthausen, the entire country experienced a wave of&nbsp;anti-Jewish violence. Dutch National Socialists attacked synagogues and other buildings in Jewish&nbsp;communities. In the autumn of 1941, large-scale raids also took place in Gelderland and the Twente&nbsp;region, where Curt Bloch had been living since 1940.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol  pt-medium pb-small indent-1 layout-9-3  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_13275\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13275\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13275 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD.jpg\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD-768x489.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13275 size-full lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20688%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20688%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD-768x489.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Utrecht_Laden_163917_NIOD.jpg\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13275\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo from the album of F. W. Bonnet (1890\u20131978) who lived in Utrecht during the war. He has taken many pictures from what he saw in the streets of his city. (\u00a9 NIOD)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The German authorities imposed numerous prohibitions that severely restricted the Jewish population\u2019s freedom of movement. Public buildings and facilities such as markets, parks, restaurants, theaters, cinemas, swimming pools, concert halls, sports facilities, public libraries, and museums could no longer be visited or used by Jews. Jewish students were excluded from schools and universities after the summer holidays.<\/p>\n<p>Jews were prohibited from practicing professions, which outlawed the work of many doctors and lawyers.&nbsp;Jewish businesses and companies were confiscated based on an ordinance issued in March 1941. The&nbsp;persecution of Jews led to a dehumanization of interpersonal relationships and a profound alienation&nbsp;between the persecuted and Dutch citizens. Dutch society and its institutions did not offer adequate&nbsp;protection to the threatened minority.<\/p>\n<p class=\"double-p\">In August 1941, all Jewish property was confiscated. Jews had to transfer their entire bank balances to a specific bank, which effectively placed the entire wealth of Dutch Jews in the hands of the German authorities. All Jewish-owned properties and possessions were seized.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol   pb-small indent-1 layout-7-5  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Within 15 months, from May 1940 to August 1941, Jews were excluded from Dutch society. They were&nbsp;no longer seen as fellow human beings by non-Jews. Even well-meaning people distanced themselves&nbsp;mentally from their Jewish compatriots. They were aware that the National Socialists primarily targeted&nbsp;Jews and that non-Jews who followed the occupiers\u2019 orders could temporarily consider themselves safe.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\u201cWhy don\u2019t Jews have the same rights as others? Why have they been taken from their homes? Why should we hate them?\u201d While hiding, a young boy asked his mother these and other questions in Curt Bloch\u2019s poem \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/en\/text\/een-kleine-verstoppeling-vraagt\/\">A Little Person in Hiding Asks<\/a>,\u201d published in the OWC magazine on 25 September 1943.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>From 3 May 1942, all Jews were required to wear a yellow star on their clothing in public. Fearing reprisals, the Jewish Council complied with the order. The introduction of the yellow star not only marked the culmination of segregation but also marked the beginning of deportation. In a secret document, Arthur Sey\u00df-Inquart wrote to his top officials that the star requirement applied to all Jews \u201celigible for resettlement,\u201d his euphemism for deportation to German-occupied Poland, where the Nazis ruled with ruthless terror and had already established several ghettos, concentration and extermination camps.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol  pt-medium pb-medium indent-1 layout-9-3  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_13242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13242\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13242 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978.jpg\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978-768x506.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13242 size-full lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20711%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20711%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978-768x506.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/beeldbankwo2_Kinder_88978.jpg\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jewish children at an Extracurricular Youth Care (BJZ) performance. Peter Metzelaar (front row center, with a white collar and a piece of paper in his hand) survived as an \u201cOnderduiker\u201d in hiding. (\u00a9 NIOD)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On 20 June 1942, Adolf Eichmann ordered the first Jewish deportations from the Netherlands. The operation was coordinated by the German police, with collaboration from the Dutch authorities and police apparatus.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: var(--color-secondary); color: var(--color-primary); font-family: var(--font-family-primary); font-size: var(--font-size-p);\">The systematic deportation of Dutch Jews began on the night of 14\u201315 July 1942, when the first train&nbsp;carrying 962 people departed from Amsterdam Central Station to Westerbork. On the same day, the first&nbsp;1,135 people, mostly German Jews, were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"ce ce ce-gallery lightbox-gallery is-threecol  pt-medium  indent-1   \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"gallery-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1.jpg\" data-fancybox=\"gallery-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1.jpg 975w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1-768x454.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"577\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20975%20577%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large lazyload\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20975%20577%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1.jpg 975w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1-768x454.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bron-Bart-de-Kok_NIOD_Beeldbank-WO2-1.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"item-subtitle\">25 May 1943: The Delden family with their luggage. They were murdered in Sobibor on 28 May. (\u00a9 NIOD)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"gallery-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg.jpg\" data-fancybox=\"gallery-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg.jpg 975w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg-768x454.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"577\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20975%20577%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large lazyload\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20975%20577%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg.jpg 975w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg-768x454.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beeldbankwo2.nl_Deportation-96771_NIOD-1.jpg.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"item-subtitle\">20 June 1943: Jewish families on their way to the assembly point in South Amsterdam (\u00a9 Herman Heukels, NIOD).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"gallery-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg.jpg\" data-fancybox=\"gallery-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg.jpg 975w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg-768x454.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"577\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20975%20577%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" class=\"attachment-large size-large lazyload\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20975%20577%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg.jpg 975w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg-768x454.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transport_NIOD_66126.jpg.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"item-subtitle\">April 1943: Westerbork camp. Outgoing transport with a converted freight train (\u00a9 NIOD)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The journey to Bergen-Belsen in northern Germany could be completed in one day, while the trips to Auschwitz in Silesia and Theresienstadt in Bohemia took two days, and the trains took three days to reach Sobib\u00f3r in eastern Poland. When they arrived at their destinations, deportees were completely exhausted and desperate for fresh air. Sick and elderly people often died during transport. Unlike Auschwitz, there was no selection in Sobib\u00f3r; the sole purpose of the camp was immediate killing.<\/p>\n<p>Curt Bloch\u2019s mother, Paula, and his sister, Helene, were arrested in May 1943. In the same month, they were deported to Poland via the Westerbork transit camp and murdered in Sobib\u00f3r.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol  pt-medium pb-small indent-1 layout-9-3  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_13272\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13272\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13272 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten-.jpg\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"792\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten-.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten--300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten--1024x751.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten--768x563.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13272 size-full lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20792%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"792\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20792%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten-.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten--300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten--1024x751.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten--768x563.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Transportlisten-.jpg\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13272\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Copies of the transport lists from the Westerbork camp. Paula Bloch is listed on the left, and Helene Bloch is listed on the right. Mother and daughter were transported together by train to the Sobibor extermination camp on May 18, 1943, and three days later, they were murdered. It is believed that about 33,000 Dutch Jews from this camp were killed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol    indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\u201cOnly one thing was true: The Jews are annihilated.\u201d This is a line from the poem <a href=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/en\/text\/frauenautarkie\/\">Women\u2019s Autark<\/a>y in the OWC magazine from 19 February 1944. Curt Bloch knew exactly how endangered he was as a Jew, which is why he remained in hiding until the liberation of Enschede.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In total, over 100,000 Jews from the occupied Netherlands were deported to concentration and extermination camps. Of these only just over 5,000 survived.<\/p>\n<p>In hardly any other country was the anti-Semitic persecution and extermination policy as \u201cefficient\u201d as in the Netherlands: out of the approximately 140,000 Jews who lived there in 1940, 107,000 fell victim to this Nazi policy. A deeply rooted, well-integrated group in the Netherlands was systematically excluded from society in a very short time, and four-fifths of them were killed.<\/p>\n<p>Some citizens and various resistance groups acted selflessly and heroically to protect their Jewish compatriots from deportation. However, most Dutch citizens did not recognize or acknowledge the enormous vulnerability of the Jews, or perhaps did not want to see it, possibly because they were preoccupied with their own problems.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol  pt-medium pb-medium indent-1 layout-9-3  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_13269\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13269\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13269 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100.jpg\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100-1024x503.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100-768x377.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13269 size-full lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20530%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt width=\"1080\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201080%20530%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100-1024x503.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100-768x377.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/curt-bloch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Schild_NIOD_66100.jpg\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13269\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sign was recovered shortly after the liberation in Westerbork by the archaeologist A.E. van Giffen and was included in the collection of the former Provincial Museum for Antiquities in Assen. It is now displayed in Westerbork. (\u00a9 NIOD)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ce ce-twocol   pb-large indent-1 layout-4-8  \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>AND WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TODAY?<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-custom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to a study by the Anti-Defamation League, over <a href=\"https:\/\/global100.adl.org\/country\/netherlands\/2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"link-external\">800,000<\/a> people in the Netherlands and over <a href=\"https:\/\/global100.adl.org\/country\/germany\/2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"link-external\">8 million<\/a> people in Germany hold anti-Semitic attitudes. Many respondents have reported never having heard of the Holocaust (Netherlands: 13%, Germany: 5%).<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/themen\/antisemitismus\/dossier-antisemitismus\/319010\/antisemitismus-weltweit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"link-external\">German Federal Agency for Civic Education<\/a> has noted that violence against Jews in Europe has been increasing for years.<\/p>\n<p>According to a July 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kas.de\/documents\/252038\/22161843\/Antisemitische+Einstellungen+in+Deutschland.pdf\/cead70cb-a767-65f8-82a1-5f3537c409d1?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"link-external\">study by the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation<\/a>, a large majority of the German population rejects anti-Semitic statements. However, agreement with anti-Semitic statements is increasing among individuals with less formal education, people with Muslim and\/or immigrant backgrounds, and within the AfD (Alternative for Germany) party\u2019s supporters.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>We thank the scholar Peter Romijn, former research director of the NIOD and Professor Emeritus of 20th-century history at the Amsterdam University for sharing his research results about the persecution of Jews in the Netherlands. He is author of the book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wallstein-verlag.de\/9783835318137-der-lange-krieg-der-niederlande.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"link-external\">Der lange Krieg der Niederlande<\/a> (The Long War of the Netherlands), which provides many details about the German occupation from 1940 to 1945.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":8092,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14579","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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